1. ERDC Knowledge Core
  2. Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)
  3. Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) - (2/23/2001 - present)
  4. Publication
  5. Technical Report
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/42500
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dc.contributor.authorWard, Andrew B.-
dc.contributor.authorFalls, Anthony J.-
dc.contributor.authorRutland, Craig A.-
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-01T14:08:39Z-
dc.date.available2021-12-01T14:08:39Z-
dc.date.issued2021-11-
dc.identifier.govdocERDC/GSL TR-21-37-
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11681/42500-
dc.identifier.urihttp://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42500-
dc.descriptionTechnical Reporten_US
dc.description.abstractThe U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has developed a method for predicting surface friction response by use of ground vehicles equipped with deceleration-based measurement devices. Specifically, the ERDC has developed models and measurement methods between the Findlay Irvine Mk2 GripTester and a variety of deceleration measurement devices: Bowmonk AFM2 Mk3, Xsens MTi-G-710, two Android smartphones, and two iOS smartphones. These models show positive correlation between ground vehicle deceleration and fixed-slip surface continuous surface friction measurement. This effort extends prior work conducted by the U.S. Army ERDC in developing highly correlative models between the Findlay Irvine Mk2 GripTester and actual C-17 braking deceleration, measured via the runway condition rating (RCR) system. The models and measurement methods detailed here are of considerable use to semi-prepared airfield managers around the world needing to measure safe landing conditions following inclement weather. This work provides the tools necessary for airfield managers to quantify safe landing conditions for C-17 aircraft by using easily obtainable equipment and simple test standards.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipAir Force Civil Engineer Center (U.S.)en_US
dc.description.tableofcontentsAbstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................... v Preface .................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Problem .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objective and scope .......................................................................................... 1 2 Literature Review ............................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Standard models of friction .............................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Models of friction on paved surfaces ......................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Models of friction on unpaved surfaces .................................................................... 8 2.2 Types of friction measurement devices ......................................................... 10 2.2.1 Continuous friction measuring equipment .............................................................. 10 2.2.2 Deceleration-based equipment ................................................................................ 11 2.3 Original SPRO effort ........................................................................................ 12 3 Field Test Methods ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Test site configuration .....................................................................................15 3.2 CFME testing ................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Deceleration-based testing ............................................................................ 23 3.3.1 Bowmonk AFM2 Mk3 ................................................................................................ 23 3.3.2 Xsens MTi-G-710 ....................................................................................................... 24 3.3.3 Smartphones ............................................................................................................. 26 3.4 Ground vehicle configuration ......................................................................... 28 3.4.1 HMMWV ..................................................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Truck .......................................................................................................................... 31 3.4.3 SUV ............................................................................................................................. 34 3.5 Soil testing and classification ......................................................................... 37 3.5.1 Standard soil classification ...................................................................................... 37 3.5.2 Dynamic cone penetrometer .................................................................................... 38 3.5.3 Soil moisture content ................................................................................................ 40 3.5.4 Atterberg limits .......................................................................................................... 41 3.5.5 Soil gradation ............................................................................................................ 43 4 Site Preparation ............................................................................................................. 44 4.1 Rattlesnake Landing Zone ............................................................................. 44 4.1.1 Original condition ...................................................................................................... 44 4.1.2 Heavy equipment ...................................................................................................... 46 4.1.3 Recovery efforts ........................................................................................................ 49 4.1.4 Aerial survey .............................................................................................................. 52 4.2 Schoonover Landing Zone ............................................................................. 55 4.2.1 Original condition ...................................................................................................... 55 4.2.2 Heavy equipment ...................................................................................................... 56 4.2.3 Recovery efforts ........................................................................................................ 59 4.3 Golden Eagle Landing Zone ........................................................................... 62 4.3.1 Original condition ...................................................................................................... 62 4.3.2 Heavy equipment ...................................................................................................... 64 4.3.3 Recovery efforts ........................................................................................................ 67 5 Site Characterization ..................................................................................................... 73 5.1 Rattlesnake Landing Zone ............................................................................. 73 5.1.1 Soil strength .............................................................................................................. 73 5.1.2 Soil classification ...................................................................................................... 78 5.1.3 Aerial survey .............................................................................................................. 80 5.2 Schoonover Landing Zone ............................................................................. 83 5.2.1 Soil strength .............................................................................................................. 84 5.2.2 Soil classification ...................................................................................................... 85 5.2.3 Aerial survey .............................................................................................................. 86 5.3 Golden Eagle Landing Zone ........................................................................... 88 5.3.1 Soil strength .............................................................................................................. 89 5.3.2 Soil classification ...................................................................................................... 95 5.3.3 Aerial survey .............................................................................................................. 96 6 Results ............................................................................................................................. 97 6.1 Outlier analysis ............................................................................................... 98 6.2 GripTester results ........................................................................................... 98 6.3 Synthesized vehicle-specific deceleration results ...................................... 100 6.3.1 HMMWV ................................................................................................................... 100 6.3.2 Truck ........................................................................................................................ 103 6.3.3 SUV ........................................................................................................................... 105 6.4 Smartphone repeatability analysis .............................................................. 108 6.5 Final predictive models ................................................................................ 110 6.5.1 HMMWV ................................................................................................................... 111 6.5.2 Truck ........................................................................................................................ 116 6.5.3 SUV ........................................................................................................................... 122 6.5.4 Synthesized deceleration-based GT predictions ................................................... 128 7 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................ 130 7.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 130 7.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................... 132 References .......................................................................................................................... 133 Unit Conversion Factors .................................................................................................... 136 Report Documentation Page-
dc.format.extent149 pages / 77.54 MB-
dc.format.mediumPDF-
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherGeotechnical and Structures Laboratory (U.S.)en_US
dc.publisherEngineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)-
dc.relation.ispartofseriesTechnical Report (Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)) ; no. ERDC/GSL TR-21-37-
dc.rightsApproved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited-
dc.sourceThis Digital Resource was created in Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat-
dc.subjectSemi-prepareden_US
dc.subjectAccelerometeren_US
dc.subjectMilitary basesen_US
dc.subjectAirfieldsen_US
dc.subjectDecelerationen_US
dc.subjectFrictionen_US
dc.subjectRunways (Aeronautics)--Friction--Measurementen_US
dc.subjectVehicles, Military--Acceleration (Mechanics)en_US
dc.subjectGripTesteren_US
dc.subjectSmartphoneen_US
dc.subjectSPROen_US
dc.subjectSmartphones--Mobile appsen_US
dc.titleDevelopment of smartphone-based semi-prepared runway operations (SPRO) models and methodsen_US
dc.typeReporten_US
Appears in Collections:Technical Report

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