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https://hdl.handle.net/11681/34245Full metadata record
| DC Field | Value | Language |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.author | Suedel, Burton C. | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author | McQueen, Andrew D. | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author | Wilkens, Justin L. | en_US |
| dc.contributor.author | Fields, Morris P. | en_US |
| dc.creator | Environmental Laboratory (U.S.) | en_US |
| dc.creator | Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program (U.S.) | en_US |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2019-09-30T17:03:48Z | en_US |
| dc.date.available | 2019-09-30T17:03:48Z | en_US |
| dc.date.issued | 2019-09 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.govdoc | ERDC/EL TR-19-18 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://hdl.handle.net/11681/34245 | en_US |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/34245 | en_US |
| dc.description | Technical Report | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | At any given moment, there may be multiple underwater sounds emanating from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Dredging activities such as the excavation, transit, and placement of material generate underwater sound. This report documents research into the biological effects of underwater sound from dredging and other anthropogenic sources to help evaluate the potential ecological risks of dredging activities. Effects data generated from exposures to anthropogenic sound sources indicate that dredging-induced sounds do not pose a significant risk of direct injury or mortality to aquatic biota. A notable exception, and much less common, is blasting activities used to remove rock and other hard substrata in navigation channels. In terms of potential non-lethal responses, low-frequency sounds produced by dredging overlap with the hearing frequency ranges of select fish and mammal species, which may pose risks for auditory temporary threshold shifts, auditory masking, and behavioral responses. To better understand the ecological risk associated with dredging sounds, a risk-based approach is needed that utilizes the available data and other site-specific information appropriate for evaluating underwater sound. The information reported herein can be used in an exposure assessment as part of a broader framework for evaluating and managing underwater sound effects on aquatic life. | en_US |
| dc.description.sponsorship | Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 under Work Unit 33143 | en_US |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... ii Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi Preface .................................................................................................................................................. viii Unit Conversion Factors ........................................................................................................................ix Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ x 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Approach ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 Underwater Sound Overview ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and velocity .......................................................... 4 2.2 Types of sound ............................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Sound fields ................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Sound propagation ........................................................................................................ 6 2.5 Frequency analysis ........................................................................................................ 7 2.6 Sound pressure and particle motion ............................................................................ 8 2.7 Sound and noise .......................................................................................................... 10 2.8 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 10 3 Review of Underwater Sounds Produced by Natural and Anthropogenic Sources .............. 11 3.1 Natural sound sources ................................................................................................ 11 3.1.1 Marine animals ......................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2 Natural earth sound sources and frequencies ........................................................ 12 3.2 Anthropogenic sound sources .................................................................................... 14 3.2.1 Impulsive anthropogenic sound sources ................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Non-impulsive anthropogenic sound sources ......................................................... 17 3.2.3 Summary of natural and anthropogenic underwater sound sources .................... 22 4 Review of Underwater Sounds Produced by Dredging Operations ........................................ 24 4.1 Dredging types ............................................................................................................. 24 4.1.1 Hydraulic dredges ..................................................................................................... 24 4.1.2 Mechanical dredges ................................................................................................. 27 4.2.1 United Kingdom: Nedwell et al. (2008) ................................................................... 30 4.2.2 United Kingdom: Robinson et al. (2011) ................................................................. 31 4.2.3 The Netherlands: Maasvlatke 2 studies .................................................................. 32 4.2.4 United States: Dickerson et al. (2001) .................................................................... 35 4.2.5 United States: Clarke et al. (2002) .......................................................................... 36 4.2.6 United States: Reine et al. (2012a) ......................................................................... 37 4.1.3 United States: Reine et al. (2012b) ......................................................................... 38 4.2.8 United States: Reine et al. (2014b) ......................................................................... 39 4.2.9 United States: Reine and Dickerson (2014) ........................................................... 41 4.3 Blasting ........................................................................................................................ 41 4.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 43 5 Review of Underwater Sound Effects ........................................................................................ 49 5.1 Effects overview ........................................................................................................... 51 5.1.1 Death and injury ........................................................................................................ 52 5.1.2 Effects on hearing ..................................................................................................... 52 5.1.3 Masking ..................................................................................................................... 53 5.1.4 Behavioral effects ..................................................................................................... 54 5.1.5 Population-level effects on fitness and survival ...................................................... 54 5.2 Effects on fish .............................................................................................................. 55 5.2.1 Direct injury ............................................................................................................... 55 5.2.2 Effects on hearing ..................................................................................................... 57 5.2.3 Masking ..................................................................................................................... 63 5.2.4 Behavioral effects ..................................................................................................... 63 5.2.5 Fish Effects Summary ............................................................................................... 65 5.3 Effects on marine mammals ....................................................................................... 67 5.3.1 Direct injury ............................................................................................................... 68 5.3.2 Effects on hearing ..................................................................................................... 68 5.3.3 Masking ..................................................................................................................... 71 5.3.4 Behavioral effects ..................................................................................................... 72 5.3.5 Marine mammals effects summary ......................................................................... 74 5.4 Effects on other marine species ................................................................................. 78 5.4.1 Sea turtles ................................................................................................................. 78 5.4.2 Invertebrates ............................................................................................................. 78 5.5 Effects summary .......................................................................................................... 81 6 Managing Risks from Underwater Sound ................................................................................. 83 6.1 Avoidance ..................................................................................................................... 83 6.1.1 Exclusion zones ......................................................................................................... 83 6.1.2 Biological deterrents ................................................................................................. 84 6.1.3 Spatial and temporal restrictions ............................................................................. 85 6.2 Minimization ................................................................................................................ 85 6.2.1 Acoustic damping ...................................................................................................... 85 6.2.2 Equipment design or retrofit .................................................................................... 87 6.2.3 Equipment operation and maintenance .................................................................. 89 6.2.4 Reduction in operation power levels ........................................................................ 89 6.2.5 Alternate technologies .............................................................................................. 90 6.3 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 90 7 NOAA NMFS Marine Mammal Acoustic Technical Guidance ................................................. 91 7.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................... 91 7.2 Background information .............................................................................................. 92 7.3 Technical guidelines for marine mammals ................................................................ 95 7.4 Implication to dredging-induced underwater sound .................................................. 98 7.4.1 Acoustic terminology – application to dredging sounds ......................................... 99 7.4.2 Uncertainty and data limitations ............................................................................ 100 7.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 102 8 Summary and Path Forward ..................................................................................................... 103 References ......................................................................................................................................... 106 Appendix A ......................................................................................................................................... 123 Report Documentation Page | en_US |
| dc.format.extent | 138 pages/5.680 Mb | en_US |
| dc.format.medium | en_US | |
| dc.language.iso | en_US | en_US |
| dc.publisher | Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.) | en_US |
| dc.relation.ispartofseries | Technical Report (Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)) ; no. ERDC/EL TR-19-18 | en_US |
| dc.rights | Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited | en_US |
| dc.source | This Digital Resource was created in Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat | en_US |
| dc.subject | Aquatic species | en_US |
| dc.subject | Dredging Operations and Environmental Research Program (U.S.) | en_US |
| dc.subject | Dredging | en_US |
| dc.subject | Impulsive sounds | en_US |
| dc.subject | Military sonar | en_US |
| dc.subject | Pile driving | en_US |
| dc.subject | Underwater sound | en_US |
| dc.subject | Underwater sound risk framework | en_US |
| dc.title | Evaluating effects of dredging-induced underwater sound on aquatic species : a literature review | en_US |
| dc.type | Report | en_US |
| Appears in Collections: | Technical Report Technical Report | |
Files in This Item:
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERDC-EL TR-19-18.pdf | ERDC/EL TR-19-18 | 5.82 MB | Adobe PDF |  View/Open |