1. ERDC Knowledge Core
2. Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)
3. Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) - (2/1/1961 - present)
4. Technical Publication
5. Monograph

Title:	Natural convection heat transfer in water near its density
Authors:	Yen, Yin-Chao.
Keywords:	Heat transfer Heat transmission Heat convection Natural convection Density currents Fluid dynamics Hydrodynamic stability Ice-water systems Temperature-density relationships Water
Publisher:	Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (U.S.) Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.)
Series/Report no.:	CRREL monograph ; 90-4.
Description:	CRREL Monograph Abstract: This monograph reviews and summarizes to date the experimental and analytical results on the effect of water density near its maximum on convection, transient flow and temperature structure characteristics: 1) in a vertical enclosure, 2) in a vertical annulus, 3) between horizontal concentric cylinders, 4) in a square enclosure, 5) in a rectangular enclosure, 6) in a horizontal layer, 7) in a circular confined melt layer, and 8) in bulk water during melting. In a layer of water containing a maximum density temperature of 4°C, the onset of convection (the critical number) is found not to be a constant value as in the classical normal fluid but one that varies with the imposed thermal and hydrodynamic boundaries. In horizontal layers, a nearly constant temperature zone forms and continuously expands between the warm and cold boundaries. A minimum heat transfer exists in most of the geometries studied and, in most cases, can be expressed in terms of a density distribution parameter. The effect of this parameter on a cell's formation, disappearance and transient structure is discussed, and the effect of split-boundary flow on heat transfer is presented.
Rights:	Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
URI:	http://hdl.handle.net/11681/2673
Appears in Collections:	Monograph